Upstream and downstream are terms used in pharmaceutical manufacturing to describe different stages of the production process. Upstream refers to the initial stages of manufacturing, which involve the cultivation and growth of cells or organisms that produce the desired drug or therapeutic substance. This can include activities such as cell line development, fermentation, and primary purification. Downstream refers to the subsequent stages of manufacturing, which involve the purification, separation, and processing of the drug substance obtained from upstream processes. Downstream activities typically include filtration, chromatography, crystallization, and formulation. In summary,…
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